Xiong Lei enemy without fighting the soldiers - for the U.S. global strategy of the news media

 The enemy without fighting the soldiers mm for the U.S. global strategy of the news media
Posted by: Xiong Lei
Published :2006-02-03 23:06:58
[title in mind: the manuscript, or the end of 2002, written in early 2003, and later talked about in some schools. Because of the recent things, little changes here and time being as a response to a number of different opinions.]
the work I introduce China to the foreign countries and let the world understand China, and strive to a climate conducive to China's reform and opening up and modernization of the international public opinion environment. all these years, with the development of all aspects of our country, our international public opinion environment has greatly improved. the international community is willing to understand China more and more people. But on the other hand, the pattern of international opinion, br> In the United States and other Western countries, the impact of the powerful media campaign, we have some so-called intellectual elite, and even some government officials, and American values are converging. All these facts show that we now have some considerable status and people the right to speak, only American's lead, can not tell whether they are Americans shoulder a long head, or their heads grow to the shoulders of Americans. grandchild greater role of public opinion. I was professor of American journalism school with the news, but also visited some American news media, I think the U.S. media, where we can learn a lot. but at the same time learn from them, we should also see them public opinion for the U.S. side of the national strategic goal. in technology to learn from them, does not mean we should become their prisoner in thinking, to our own strategic objectives for the United States into a tool at the service. After all, we are Chinese, should China's national interests, rather than led by the nose by the United States and Western capital.
I am neither of the economy, not of law, but also do not understand the strategy of international politics or international relations are no studies. But From my personal experience, I am the United States the enemy without fighting the soldiers, the enemy or potential enemy's psychological warfare began in World War I, World War II have a more in-depth study and more practice. in the contemporary American military operations, from the 1991 Gulf War, to the the war in Iraq in 2003, the United States dispatched military psychological warfare, psychological warfare, and openly stated that military operations in these play a very important role. U.S. PsyOps page bluntly:
Today, psychological operations are U.S. government to ensure national objectives of the political, military, economic and ideological activities, a vital part.
the U.S. Department of Defense defines psychological warfare:
planned use of propaganda and other psychological operations to influence public opinion hostile foreign groups, emotions, attitudes and behavior as the primary purpose to support the achievement of national goals.
of psychological operations is defined as:
to foreign audiences to convey information and to choose indicators planned action to influence their emotions, motives and objective reasoning, and ultimately affect the foreign governments, organizations, groups and individual behavior.
What does that mean? U.S. PsyOps explained on the page :
U.S. military psychological warfare operations of the ultimate goal is to spread to foreign audiences to support U.S. policy and national goals of true information, so hostile, neutral and friendly countries and forces are convinced that should be taken in favor of the United States and its allies action.
America's behest, submitted a by its fundamental values and to maintain the prosperity and development of these values need to determine the physical environment. So, the Kremlin's challenge to the United States, in terms of logic or from the fact, are not only against our values , and for our ability to protect the environment of substances. The challenge is both a time of peace is war, so we peacetime and wartime objectives must take that into consideration.
so-called The report put forward three principles should include:
. Perhaps the most important step is to attempt to defeat it. between freedom and totalitarian power of the great struggle for freedom ended in a decisive victory in mm This is the only sustainable mode of national success a victory: freedom, democracy and free enterprise. military strength and great economic and political influence. in maintaining our heritage and principles of the process, hh we will fight against terrorists and tyrants, to defend peace. We will be among the major powers to establish good relations and maintain peace. We Each continent will be to encourage free and open society, expanding peace. changes, but U.S. national security strategy in the strong ideological goals, has not changed. Any contrary to the American social system, all contrary to the dominant ideology of the United States, where there may be with the U.S. hegemony in the world counter the potential strength, will be considered a threat to the United States not only for their mm values, but also against a set of values that they protect the physical capacity. U.S. national security strategy, can not tolerate such a system, ideology, and power exists. from Ukraine to Central Asia, the so-called U.S. threats, one, the importance of psychological warfare.
on the importance of psychological warfare and goals, there is a number of quotations:
is listed in the first Art of War proud of ; brigade was on the second break trip; death is on the whole, broken, followed by death; the whole Wu is on break, followed by Wu. hh victorious, the good and not good also. not the soldiers fighting the enemy , the good of those who are good. : with heart and soul will come. br> United States 1987 published a book entitled conversion, but never backward strong. just like everyone else on the street. Thus, the reason must be given no signs of processing, to understand the powerful nature can cause emotional and sympathy, rather than rational resonance. truth is not important, it is fully subordinate to tactics and psychology. hatred and contempt must target specific individuals.
U.S. Special Warfare Center School principal Paul La Zhunjiang that in today's information age, the importance of psychological warfare will become more prominent . The U.S. military has accepted a very special psychological warfare operations are the fact that the fighting weapons, requiring each of the military commander must consider. psychological operations have been included in many training programs and tactical exercises, almost all of the military action by the psychological warfare. this is just psychological warfare on the tactical level. In strategy, their goals and psychological warfare on the higher and larger scale. One important objective is the will. operations or psychological warfare, is to know about your target enemy of all, their beliefs, likes and dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, and weaknesses. Once you know the driver what is your target, you can start a psychological operations.
Since it is a hearts and minds of the war, it is the best means of mass media. They believe that in the creation of support to (U.S.) national targets behavior, emotions and attitudes. disseminated form can be hidden easily spread information through word of mouth, or by any means of multimedia. to effectively carry out psychological warfare, the U.S. government and military forces had invested a lot of long-term research. In particular, during World War II, the U.S. military took out a huge amount of research funding, mobilization of the sociology, journalism , psychology, science and other areas of public relations experts to study, and achieved important results, which is communication established as a specialized discipline. modern mass communication theory recognized founder, Welbourn. Schramm, that is, During World War II with the U.S. military research funding for the conduct of warfare and set up mass communication. That is, the creation of communication is a direct result of the U.S. psychological warfare. he had the early 40 Intelligence Service in Washington, the war and the fact that any Director of the data. do not know whether the rise of behavioral sciences to have this background, however, the U.S. military acknowledged that reason, coupled with the spread of mass media development and improvement, greatly enhancing the psychological action as it does not need blood to achieve our national goals of the means of their own ability and value. specific requirements, that is:
setting conducive to the image of the United States and its allies;
provide information to the target audience, to think according to the wishes of the United States;
the effect of expanding a show of strength;
assessment of public opinion; to enemy action
have the choice of the audience, that is, capitulate;
spread in a variety of obstacles to overcome, such as censorship, illiteracy, or blocking of broadcasting such interference;
collapse of enemy morale, undermine the their morale;
use of ethnic, cultural, religious or economic differences;
support deception operations.
of psychological warfare operations of these requirements, the decision of the United States engaged in psychological warfare operations staff conditions: they must be mass communication experts, able to print media, audio-visual media and multimedia, and other media for dissemination or propaganda and psychological warfare operations to achieve the required results.
in the United States, organizations and personnel engaged in psychological warfare, the number is difficult to estimate. publicly available information mentioned only active-duty U.S. military psychological warfare psychological warfare units mm fourth group, and its headquarters in North Carolina to Fort grid cloth. my 1988 visit to the United States Department of Defense that, at the time Pentagon military and civilian personnel have 20,003 thousand, of which specialize in public relations more than 5,000 people. The so-called public relations, in fact, psychological operations and public opinion related to dissemination, which is what we call political propaganda work. It should be noted that the U.S. government and military agencies, and no political propaganda department of the set, even though they actually do the work and our concept of the political propaganda is no different, they do not flaunt that they are political propaganda work, but the concept is to avoid publicity. because in the United States and Western culture, political propaganda is a derogatory term, it will cause great psychological aversion to the public, from the mind refuses to accept. But they accepted public relations, psychological consultation concept. This psychological China today in our society are also common. A lot of people on the political propaganda is very inconsistent, very rebellious, unwilling to accept. According to the principle of communication, if the spread of the audience you have a preconceived aversion, and you transmission is difficult to receive any results. any how you said he did not believe anyway. And on the transmission, public relations, audience that relatively less rebellious. In addition, as a communicator, one that is to promote , will inevitably look down on their own subjective attitudes and the inculcation of blunt way, this will also affect the spreading effect. And if that is to do communication, public relations, he can not help but stand in the position of equality and the audience, trying to convince the audience to accept their own promotion, dissemination of results will be much better than advertised. Therefore, the U.S. political and propaganda work, is the manner and according to the concept of communication to do. They discredit the official release of some messages to one sentence: It is the Communist Party propaganda! credibility and our actual results message will be greatly reduced.
addition to the U.S. military psychological warfare unit and the Pentagon public relations officers, the U.S. news media is also important to the U.S. Government League of psychological warfare operations in the United States, the psychological War played an important role in the 2002 year early February, the U.S. military held a military seminar, suggested that It is of course participants in the U.S. psychological warfare operations. According to Western media exposure, the U.S. cable network CNN and is also a tacit agreement with the U.S. military. The fourth group has a special psychological warfare headquarters by the psychological warfare units to send troops to CNN headquarters, as the normal work of employees in news reports. until after the start of the war in Afghanistan, a Dutch journalist revealed this, the fourth group of psychological warfare before announcing the training program has ended. The Dutch journalist in January 2002 after the disclosure of this matter, the major U.S. news media strangely silent on the matter, not a report or comment .2003 war in Iraq, the U.S. military to allow journalists to reported from the fighting forces, but also received positive for this war and creating a big positive effect on public opinion.
U.S. officials also will use the news media for psychological warfare. such as the October 14, 2004, a senior U.S. Marine Corps CNN Pentagon officers to accept an interview, said the military offensive on Fallujah in Iraq has begun. People do not know afterwards, when the attack did not actually start, but this interview was broadcast only after 3 weeks launched. the United States, an independent News Web site said the press release the U.S. Marine Corps officer who, in fact, is a psychological warfare operation aimed at deceiving the armed insurgents in Iraq and that they launched the attack after exposure to the real how they would act.
help U.S. government and military to Psychological another important force in Hollywood. The U.S. military did not own movie studios, like our August First Film Studio, as we did not complete the troops Backstage. But , the relationship between the Pentagon and Hollywood, very close. According to the American military historian Lunstad disclosure, the U.S. military's relationship with Hollywood has been 100 years of history. interaction between the military and Hollywood, to create more than 700 feature films Ministry, including We are familiar with many of the so-called species rather heroic personality. and it seems to meet the needs of different times U.S. officials. For example, 70 to 80 years, introduced a large number of Hollywood as the background to the Vietnam War the U.S. military hero on the screen, from to the Video can not only inspire the morale of U.S. troops, but also to the American public from the doldrums after the defeat in Vietnam to come out and re-inspire the spirit. But in so doing, Hollywood, we never heard any United States, humanitarian image of the video. these films, few political preaching, and strong artistic appeal, the > conscious
media in the U.S. media in psychological warfare operations, or the global strategy for services in the United States is not completely passive, but a high degree of consciousness. This is the American news media, especially the point that we can learn . While there is nothing authorities ordered them to ask them to tell them what can not report what can be reported, but they seem to have an innate awareness of safeguarding U.S. national interests, national interests so that they become watchdog to the provisions of the law in the form of freedom of the press. However, the specific operating together, there are many restrictions, such restrictions shall not slander other people, not the restrictions on disclosure of state secrets, so in fact, the kind of freedom, and not many of us imagine so much. They are the President and government officials criticized, but these criticisms, many struggle with the political parties or interest groups and political background, and without prejudice or favor the national interests of the United States, is conducive to shaping America's international image. such as In China, two governments on bilateral WTO accession negotiations, the situation in China in terms of tight-lipped about the negotiations, the Chinese media's reports are full of yearning for accession to the WTO. the other hand, the U.S. media, but was issued with clamor, fear of China What accounts for cheap. They had been fixed, the process and content of the negotiations, timely coverage of China in what areas still did not meet the requirements of the United States for fear of what the U.S. government would make concessions to China. such criticism, the U.S. government, should be deemed useful, because the surface of the criticism against the U.S. government, in fact, China has maintained a pressure of public opinion and active, so the U.S. government can use public opinion to increase their bargaining power with China.
While the U.S. news media have advertised its own independent from the government and political parties, or have their own political tendencies, but in defense, promote the national interests of the United States, they, especially the circulation of the ratings that top out in the mainstream media, coincidentally to very consistent. Looking at the history of the United States more than two centuries, from the initial expansion of the eastern part of thirteen states to the West Coast, claiming 2.6 million square kilometers of land in Mexico, the Indians almost ruthless, the annexation of Hawaii in the Pacific island countries, this short short 200 years of history is actually quite bloody. But these acts of aggression and expansion, most received opinion in support of the U.S. media by the media right sounding. So, we look at the U.S. media, when one can not see them so-called ; free The success of the history of the news at home who all have their political views, but also throughout this idea in their newspapers, and let it make money profit. their biggest political, is the national interest. the consciousness of their national interests to defend , much better than our many Chinese media, the means of much more sophisticated.
American media elite is one of the founder of ; promote U.S. ideas, inspire the American spirit, ; ignite national pride and national spirit. should be respected, U.S. citizens have the right to trade in every corner of the world and life, whether American businessmen go, they have recognized the economic ideals; Second, whenever there is international disputes can be expected to help solve the United States hh such a vision, and to implement it, no matter how its starting point, what with our different political ideas, I think it is worth our admiration. today's ; 9.11 The main theoretical basis, that is: as long as the world as well as regime in Afghanistan has changed the United States, other countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan, Iran and the Palestinian Authority, should be changed.
years of research, will be condensed into three principles of psychological warfare, the English word is: .
to persuade, change, affecting many examples, we select a few to see.
Example 1. Voice of America a message.
This is a friend in Canada sent me in 1997 article, the original electronic magazine containing an overseas Chinese, date issued, reads as follows:
human rights organization Province, met secretly members of underground Christian, Toronto, Canada Christian College Professor Marshall group of the. Marshall said: Christian People's Congress about five million, the figure is the estimated number of 1990 three times. He believes that this figure may explain why the explosive growth of the recent large-scale repression of Christians. Marshall said that this is the only one in China, all over the country around the organization, which is not the official control, the Chinese government is very afraid of anyone who is not an official activity within the control nationwide.
>
implied effect The growth is related to the underground church, but the inference made by Marshall and so Think of this causal relationship will know does not exist.
Then, the article made this overall analysis is reported, that after listening to this report, the audience will come to the impression:
(1 ) the underground Church in China, the explosive growth;
(2) the Chinese government crackdown on its dramatic escalation;
(3) millions of Christians are facing severe penalties.
However, further analysis will found that the conclusions did not press the first five elements of support, that no who (who), when (time), where (and where), why (what for), how (how); the second conclusion of this five-point support elements, and when is unclear, and where unknown, who and how no description of how the five elements due to no support from the conclusions of the first support; third conclusions seem to have had when the (now), What for (ie, its value is very small ; Voice of America was very successful application of this technology, is impressive, 300 words in this short period the technology used in the report are: implied, logic traps, obfuscate the statement, it seems unintentional omission of the clever sense applications, and looks like an error, and so unconscious. any direct threat to their reputation, even when carrying out information processing in order to not directly harm the reputation of their own principle, not to themselves trapped in an awkward position. that just accumulated a l r image, so it goes, on crucial issues can maximize the impact. , technological, economic, etc., from outside the mandatory change other people's behavior; software benefits include: culture, public opinion, ideology, etc., by changing the thinking of others and thus change the behavior of others. VOA this report indicates that it faithfully implementation and brilliantly accomplished the task of the U.S. government successfully implemented the concept of U.S. strategists. very well done, play skillfully, so that the audience unconsciously, to set them in good sets. this story, completely distorted the real news and not understand the situation of the audience, but it may believe it to because it seems to have been reported in the objective small taste of the missing elements of its news. So, this story may be in a very short time, in the minds of quite a number of the audience, and establish br> Without this credibility, it could not have misled the audience influence. As the United States John. Johns Hopkins University, said the textbook case of psychological warfare:
If you give a person the right information to 7 years , then you think, when necessary, he can in 8 years on the first day that the incorrect information. You must first establish your credibility and authenticity of propaganda to convince the enemy to trust you, even if you are his enemy.
Example 2. Random House in a book.
This book is the U.S. Random House published in 1994, high-level understanding of Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communists from political life messenger, a great impact in the overseas. Despite memories of the contents of the book, many say the party is made up alive, but they made up the fact that Li Zhisui memories, but that this simply can not and Li Zhisui counterbalance the impact of the book, even the domestic lot of people, prefer to believe that book and not believe it refuted.
here, I do not have enough evidence to confirm this book is one of the U.S. psychological warfare operations to China , but it completely to the effects of psychological warfare operations. a lot of reading this book, through various channels to readers in mainland China, a common feeling is that this book so that they can shattered. .
there were unconfirmed reports that, in 1988, Li Zhisui first came to the United States, with people who said that the happiest of his life ...